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  • Начало » Файлы » 2-й курс » Полезное

    Темы по аглийскому языку (12 тем)
    [ ]

    1. Advertis

    The origins of advertising lie thousands of years in the past. One of the first known methods of advertising was an outdoor display. In medieval times merchants employed so called “town criers” which shouted the praises of the merchant’s wares. In 1920s advertisers had come to realize the radio’s possibilities. In 1950s came television which developed fast to the advertising media № 1.
    All the activities that go into the development of sales can be grouped under the title promotion of sales. This promotion can use either direct or indirect methods. Direct promotion methods: advertising – commercial message to the public designed to inform potential and established customers . . .

    2. Banking

    A banker or bank is a financial institution that acts as a payment agent for customers, and borrows and lends money. The functions of the Bank:
    1 It has the right to issue bank notes.
    2 It is the government’s banker. It keeps the accounts of the central government.
    3 it is the bankers’ bank as most of the clearing banks hold their reserves there. 
    4 It protects the currency and gold reserves. 
    Banks act as payment agents by conducting check or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers’ current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphic transfer, EFTROS, and ATM. Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments . . .

    3. Company

    All companies must be entered in the Commercial Register and a notice of registration must be published giving brief information about the new company. 
    Sole Trader. This is a business run by one person in which the owner raises his capital alone. He bears all responsibility but need not share his profit with anybody else. Partnerships. Partnerships can consist of from 2 to 20 persons. The right and liabilities of these partners are laid down in the “Articles of Partnership”. Capital is contributed by the partners. There are two types of partnerships: the unlimited partnership and the limited partnership.
    Unlimited Partnership. All partners are fully liable with their investment and their private property. Besides “active partners” who play an active part in the business there may also be ‘sleeping or dormant partners’ in this partnership. The sleeping partner takes no active part in the business; however, he is fully liable. “Sleeping partner” should not be confused with ‘silent partner’ who is not fully liable and whose name is not even registered. Limited Partnership. In a Limited Partnership at least one partner is fully liable. He is called “general partner’. The others are called ‘limited partners’ and are liable only to the extent of the capital they have investment . . .

    4. Fairs &

    Fairs date back to Biblical times. During the early centuries, the church took an active part in sponsoring fairs as part of the observance of religious holidays. In 16 centuries the church stopped participating in fairs. Fairs became events devoted to commercial exhibits and entertainment. Fair is an event held for the presenting or viewing of exhibits, or for recreation. Depending on the theme of the fair, the exhibits may be agricultural, commercial, industrial, or artistic. There are three basic types of fairs – agricultural fairs, trade fairs and world’s fairs.Fairs date back to Biblical times. During the early centuries, the church took an active part in sponsoring fairs as part of the observance of religious holidays. In 16 centuries the church stopped participating in fairs. Fairs became events devoted to commercial exhibits and entertainment. Fair is an event held for the presenting or viewing of exhibits, or for recreation. Depending on the theme of the fair, the exhibits may be agricultural, commercial, industrial, or artistic. There are three basic types of fairs – agricultural fairs, trade fairs and world’s fairs . . .

    5. Great Britain

    The United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland is the official name of the state situated on the British Isles. The largest of them are Great Britain (England, Scotland & Wales) & Ireland. Ireland comprises Northern Ireland & the Irish Republic. There are 5,500 smaller islands round these two large islands. The total area of the British Isles is 121,000 square miles. Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries in the World. The average density is over 200 people per square mile. 80 per cent of the popula-tion lives in towns. The population of Great Britain is about 60 million. The official & pre-dominant language is English . . . 

    6. Money

    Money is the coins or banknotes that you use when you buy something, or when you pay for a service.
    Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth. In primitive societies a system of barter was used. Barter was a system of direct exchange of goods. Somebody could exchange a sheep for anything in the market place that they considered to be of equal value. Precious metals gradually took over because, when made into coins, they were portable, durable, recognizable and divisible into larger and smaller units of value, disk-shaped, with lettering, numbers showing its value. Many coins were stamped with the picture of the object they represented, such as a cow. The Lydians, a people of Asia Minor, were the first who used coined money. Coins have been made of gold, silver, copper, nickel, plastic. Gold has been regarded as a symbol of power and wealth . . . 

    7. Our university

    Our University was founded in 1930 in Gomel on the basis of the Forestry Faculty of the Byelo¬russian State Agricultural Academy in Gorky. At first there were only 3 faculties at the Institute: 1) Wood Tech¬nology Faculty, 2) Mechanization of Logging & Land Transportation Faculty, 3) Forestry Faculty.
    When the Great Patriotic War broke out the Institute was evacuated to Sverdlovsk.
    In 1944 when our Republic was liberated from the Ger¬man invaders the Institute was reevacuated to Gomel. In 1945 the Institute was transferred to Minsk. In 1961 the Institute was reorganized into the Byelorussian Tech¬nological Institute & began to train engineers-techno¬logists for different branches of chemical industry.
    In 1993 the Institute was reorganized once more & now it is called the Byelorussian State University of Tech¬nology . . . 

    8. Some economic laws

    Basic human needs are simple, but every individual has additional personal wants which may be very complex. These complex personal wants are satisfied in different ways by different things. A TV, a bottle of water & a magazine satisfy very different wants & the water is not a close substitute for the TV. This special characteristic of satisfying a want is known in economics as its “utility”. Utility is not the same as usefulness. A ships, for example, may or may not be useful in peacetime, but it satisfies a want. Many nations want ships. Economists describe this kind of utility as “the relationship between a consumer & a commodity” . . . 

    9. The Republic of Belarus

    The Republic of Belarus is one of the foundation-mem¬ber of the United Nations and it participates in the acti¬vities of its international organizations. The Republic was founded on January 1, 1919. The Supreme Soviet of Belarus adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Repub¬lic of Belarus on July 27, 1990 . . . 

    10. THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS

    Economics is a social science studying economy. As a scholarly discipline, economics is 2 centuries old. The first scientist who made extraordinary contributions in economics was Adam Smith. As the age of 28 Adam Smith became Professor of Logic at the University of Glasgow. Smith devoted 10 years to writing his work “the wealth of Nations” which founded economic science. It was published in 1776.
    In 1936 John Maynard Keynes published “The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money”. A notable economist of the last century Alfred Marshall called economics “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life”. . . 

    11. USA

    The discovery & exploration of America was the work of Christopher Columbus & the Europeans. Columbus ex¬plored most of the Caribbean area. He made four voyages to Central America between 1492 and 1504. Soon after his disco¬very Spaniards began to settle in South America.
    The Europeans were initially drawn to the New World in search of wealth.
    Other Europeans, such as the French & the Dutch came to the New World in search of profit. They established new homes & began to farm . . . 

    12. Open market

    Money is not only a means of exchange; money is also a means of measuring the value of men’s labour. Labour, in economic is any work undertaken in return for a fixed payment. Economists are interested in measuring the services which people render to each other. In economics, money is the standard by which the value of things is judged. This is an objective, scientific standard.
    The activities of a farm worker & a nurse are very different, but each is measurable in terms of payment received. If a farmer is self-employed & doesn’t receive a fixed wage from anyone else, he is in a different category from the nurse & from his own farm workers. His workers receive their wages, but he receives whatever surplus emerges from his farming. This surplus is what we usually call “profit”. . . 

    Категория: Полезное | Добавил: Дакота | Автор: Дакота
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    Всего комментариев: 2
    2 Bejo  
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    Man, that looks like a job! I sure wouldn't want to do that seavrel times a day Love your new site by the way, and it's great to be able to leave a comment.

    1 chelovina  
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    *8)

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